پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 23 (تابستان 1390)

The holy Prophet’s migration to Medina made it necessary to sign an agreement with all tribes including the Jews to prevent treason and establish unity. Increasing inversion of people in Medina to Islam lowered the statues of Jews in Medina, causing them to show disagreement and opposition. The continued opposition led to the change in gheble. The holy Prophet’s victory in Badr battle started bani gheynagh’s conflict with Muslims. The conflict concluded with the holy Prophet’s forgiveness and their leaving Medina. The second conflict was with bani nazir. Their treason to kill the holy Prophet, though was very serious, was also forgiven by him. Bani nazir were also added fuel to Ahzab war. Bani ghorayze’s betrayal in khandagh war was too hard for Muslims. The 25 and 26 verses in Ahzab Aye and the execution of men in Bani ghorayze, with the arbitration of Sa’d ibn moaz, put an end to jew’s betrayal. A reflection of the Prophet’s behavior and kindness towards Jews’ plotting and then a determined reaction to it brought by Jews themselves is needed. The paper is more focused on Jews’ conduct.

At the end of the 12th AH/18th BC centuries the beginning of 13th AH/19th BC centuries Uzbeks ruled in Bokhara and Khiva. The two governments were hostile not only with Iran, but also with each other. Qajar tribe which governed in Merv since the Safavid era was overthrown by Bokhara governors. When Agha Mohammad khan took power,he threatened the Bokhara governor through a letter to ignore Merv and southern lands of Oxus. He accepted Oxus as belonging to Iran border and did not have any claim towards Transoxiana lands. though, at that time those areas were the center of Iranian culture revival. Except Uzbek, Bokhara and Khiva governments, there was another group living near the Qajar territory in the north of Khorasan,Astarabad and Gorgan,some of whom were constantly disobedient to Iran government or Bokhara and Khiva governments, however, because of their semi-wild nature, they made the borderlines of Iran insecure, and looted and enslaved people. They sold Iranian slaves in Bokhara and Khiva as well. There is no news or report on the relation ship between Agha Mohammad Khan and Khiva,s government,however,based on the reports Khiva government supported the opposition Turkkmens of Iran.

Beit-ol-Hekmeh(the house of knowledge) was the first and the most important Islamic and cultural centers during Abbasid era and it was considered as a main factor in the development of translation movement in this era. In this movement there was a progress in the Islamic government and its relations with other countries was based on rule. From that era Muslims became famous in different scientific fields and Abbasid Khalifes’ encouragements caused that the importance of Beit-ol-Hekmeh increased and the translation movement became more advanced. In general Beit-ol-Hekmeh had an important role in translation movement and in the progress of another Arabic sciences in the literal and scientific fields such as philosophy, medicine, astronomy, mathematics and so on. This article tries to investigate how Beit-ol-Hekmeh was built, the origin of Translation movement and the effective factors on it, the effects of Beit-ol-Hekmeh in the growth of translation according to the library studies.

The appearance of Shiite in Afghanistan goes back to the early Islam period and Imam Ali. Some of the researchers the emergence of this religion associate with the Shiite Hazara ethnic group. In fact, the presence Hazara people in Afghanistan can be as an indicator to show the extent of Shiat religion in this region. The tendency of people to the Shiite Hazara Afghans in Afghanistan can be including geographical location, away from the center of the Caliphate of Afghanistan, Afghan Shia's love interest and the family of the Prophet(PBUH), the eighth Imam of Shiites in the Khorasan(as) region. The tendency to Shiite Among the ethnic Hazaras in Afghanistan and now has moved to the present era. Among the Safavid period, the Shiites in Afghanistan have been active in political and social situation, and perhaps even can consider the period Ilkhan the beginner of Shiite activities in Afghanistan. In this research we tried to regard to social, political situations of Afghanistan Shiites since the beginning of period of Islam.

The study tries to investigate a number of questions. They include: what was the response of Shiite leadership and Shiites to the result of proposed council of Omar and Uthman’s being selected? Which companions of Shiism and from what cities and regions began to oppose the caliphate system? What were the specific characteristics of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) from the point of view of Shiites’ belief of that period? What was the position of Imam Ali towards the caliph and his agents in the intended period? Findings indicate that Shiites did not agree with the trend of proposed council of Omar and its result, though for some expedience they did not oppose the decision. Most companions of Shiism were among the people of Medina, Cufa and Egypt; they took action to battle and present their own view points. The words of Shiites about the Uthman caliphate and allegiance to Imam Ali, after the murder of Uthman, suggest that Imam Ali had always been accepted as an Ideal leader for some valid reasons and characteristics. He always transferred the complaints and difficulties of people to caliph during the caliphate of Uthman as a refuge, intermediary and interested in reforms, but the agents of Umayyad were jealous and suspicious about these actions; and recommendations of Imam Ali for the solution of crisis were ignored by the agents of caliphate during the insurrection in 35A.H.

Amongst Qajar’s court men, Abas Mirza, Ghaem Magham and Amir Kabir were pioneers in Modernism and paying attention to European civilization. However, the extent of the familiarity of Qajar court’s women to western ideas is not clear. The research investigates the level of women’s acquaintance with the knowledge and Western Colonialism to lean on three women of Nasiruddin Shah’s Court like Mahd Oliya, Ezatodolleh and Tajosaltane who were Nasiruddin Shah’s mother, sister and daughter. It seems they did not try to improve Western civilization symbols such as schools, newspaper etc. Furthermore, they did not pay attention to the aspects of Western Colonialism

One of the most important bloody uprising in the last era of Umayyad government in Khorasan was Yahya ben Zeyd alavi's movement. He was an active warrior in the uprising of his father and after the martyrdom of him, he went to the cities of Iraq and Khorasan for three years to awaken the people and encourage them to release themselves from Umayyad's oppression. He called them to a movement, which was later known as Zeydi school. Yahya's invitation emanates in his father's aims and motivations. He tries to revenge for unjustifiable murder of his father. Since most historians expressing different views and traditions deliberately or unwittingly tried to question the motives and aims of the Yaḥyá Ben Zeyd's uprising and depicted him as disobedient and turbulent. He was also accused of robbing the treasury of some cities and thus his murder was allowed. The writer of article compares the traditions with more attention and all inside the statements of some resources could find undeniable facts. The aim of the study is to revise different traditions about this uprising, and present contradictions and compare the views of narrators and mention the aims and motivations of the Yaḥyá Ben Zeyd Alavi's uprising.

Robe' Rashidi was an old school in Tabriz established in the first half of the eighth century. It should be mentioned that the applied principles and methods in this school were based on management organization. By a deep glance, it can be found that overall principles of management and education in this complex were in the fields of management and leadership, human resources management, organization and management through compatible modern management and sometimes quite common. In this essay, the researchers applied the granted letter from Robe' Rashidi written by Vaghef which the original version is in Tabriz University.